SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Huffman, Wallace E..

This paper examines the aggregate performance of California agriculture relative to Florida and U.S. agriculture, 1960-1993, the economics of the California raisin grape industry which uses large quantities of migratory labor for the grape harvest, and schools and schooling of farm workers' children in the Parlier area. The major conclusions are that the labor intensity of California (and Florida) agriculture has fallen much less than for the whole U.S., the raisin grape industry of the Central San Joaquin Valley is struggling due to labor availability and prospects of greater foreign competition, and schooling is one of the most promising routes to a better life for the children of adult farm workers.

Effects of social change on wildlife consumption taboos in northeastern Madagascar

Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Immigration; Raisin grapes; Farm workers; Schools; Schooling; Small town; California; Labor and Human Capital.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18249

Ecology and Society

Golden, Christopher D; Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health; Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy, HEAL (Health & Ecosystems: Analysis of Linkages) Program; golden@hsph.harvard.edu; Comaroff, Jean; Departments of African and African American Studies and Anthropology, Harvard University; jeancomaroff@fas.harvard.edu.

In Madagascar, the constellation of taboos serves as a form of informal regulatory institution and is foundational to Malagasy culture, regardless of class, ethnic group affiliation, and educational background. Many researchers have credited rapid social change as a crucial mechanism for disturbing taboos. Others suggest that taboos are innately historical. However, very little empirical research has assessed the effects of social change on taboos or quantified the stability of taboo systems over time. Here, we use a case study of the ensemble of taboos in northeastern Madagascar, still a critical aspect of social life there, as a lens through which we investigate its degree of stability over time. Our aim was: (1) to describe the food taboos of local...

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Bushmeat; Conservation policy; Cultural change; Hunting; Immigration; Migration; Modernization; Religion; Wildlife.

Ano: 2015

Farm Employment, Immigration, and Poverty: A Structural Analysis

Martin, Philip L.; Taylor, J. Edward.

This study tests for structural change in the poverty-farm employment relationship between 1980 and 1990. Econometric findings from a partially simultaneous block triangular regression model estimated with census data reveal a circular relationship between farm employment and immigration that was associated with a significant decrease in the number of people in impoverished U.S. households in 1980. However, in 1990, the farm employment-poverty relationship reversed: an additional farm job was associated with an increase in poverty. Our findings suggest immigration to fill low-skilled farm jobs is transferring poverty from rural Mexico to communities in the United States.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Farm employment; Immigration; Poverty; Rural communities; Food Security and Poverty; Labor and Human Capital.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31095

Foreign Workers and the Organic Farms’ Demand for Seasonal Unskilled Labor

Wu, Ya; Escalante, Cesar L.; Perkins, Samuel L.; Neely, Carrie E..

This study analyzes farm labor management strategies of organic farms by employing Heckan selection model. Econometric results present interesting relationships between foreign worker-related variables and the hiring of non-family seasonal part-time workers. First, the extent of hiring is inversely related to the population of illegal residents. Second, the outcome variable (extent of hiring) is directly related to the number of H2A permits (foreign guest farm worker visas for temporary, contractual work) issued. The results also indicate that higher wages, corporate farms, and more educated, younger and full-time farm operators are associated with greater tendencies to hire non-family seasonal part-time workers. Family labor is used to supplement the...

GOING WEST IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: MIGRATION AND EU ENLARGEMENT

Palavras-chave: Organic farm; Unskilled labor; Immigration; Heckman selection model; Foreign worker; Farm Management.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61155

Delbecq, Benoit A.; Waldorf, Brigitte S..

Citizens of EU Member States have the fundamental right of free movement within the EU Union, and of freely choosing where to live and work within the EU. However, this right was temporarily constrained for citizens of the new Member States following the enlargement of the EU from 15 to 27 Member States. The severity of restrictions for newcomers varied substantially across the 15 old Member States. This paper analyzes whether the variations in entry restrictions influenced the distribution of migrants across the EU-15 states. To assess the effects of entry restrictions, it models and compares the distribution of migrants across the EU-15 countries prior to the enlargement with that after the enlargement. The analysis uses aggregate data on migrant stocks...

Immigration and Farm Labor: What Next?

Palavras-chave: Immigration; EU Enlargement; Immigration Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; J11; J61.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58946

IMPACTS OF HISPANIC POPULATION GROWTH ON RURAL WAGES

Martin, Philip L..

Tipo: Article

Palavras-chave: Farm labor; Immigration; Mechanization; Farm Management; Labor and Human Capital; Q10; Q18.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122806

Implications of Immigration Policies for the U.S. Farm Sector and Workforce

Newman, Constance.

Although earnings generally increased in rural areas in the 1990s, Hispanic population growth led to lower wages for at least one segment of the rural populationworkers with a high school degree (skilled workers), particularly men in this skill group. Using data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Current Population Survey, this report examines the effects of Hispanic population growth on rural wages. The analysis combines approaches from earlier immigration-impact studies and more recent work that incorporates the role of labor demand in the labor market. The analysis finds that labor demand shift factors and other area-specific factors that often are not included in immigration studies are important. Results indicate that labor demand increases...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Immigration; Wages; Labor demand; Hispanic population growth; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Labor and Human Capital.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33965

Devadoss, Stephen; Luckstead, Jeff.

We develop a theoretical model using migration and trade theory to examine the effects of domestic and border enforcement policies on unauthorized workers and the U.S. agricultural sector. The theoretical results show that heightened immigration policies increase the illegal farm wage rate, and reduce the employment of unauthorized farm workers and exports. The empirical analysis show that increased domestic enforcements curtail the number of undocumented farm workers by an average of 8947 and commodity exports to Mexico by an average of $180 million. The tighter border control curbs illegal farm workers by 8147 and reduces farm exports by $181 million.

Is It a Jungle Out There? Meat Packing, Immigrants, and Rural Communities

Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Exports; Immigration; Labor; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; F160.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61482

Artz, Georgeanne M.; Jackson, Rebecca; Orazem, Peter F..

The shift of the U.S. meat packing industry from urban to rural areas has generated controversy regarding potential social and economic costs of meat packing plants on their host communities. This study uses media comments to identify the most prominent controversies regarding meat packing, its largely immigrant workforce, and rural communities. We find that the industry has impacted the demographic composition of rural communities and their schools, but find no evidence that the industry increases per capita government expenditures. Our results suggest rural communities trade off the economic benefits of hosting these large employers against the costs of accommodating needs of new residents.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Immigration; Meat packing; Rural communities; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Livestock Production/Industries.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93220

Legal status and earnings of agricultural workers

Ise, Sabrina Jocelyn; Perloff, Jeffrey M..

Managing Migration through Quotas: An Option-theory Perspective

Palavras-chave: Agricultural labor; Agricultural wages; Immigration; Irca; Labor and Human Capital.

Ano: 1993

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47255

Moretto, Michele; Vergalli, Sergio.

Recent European Legislation on immigration has revealed a particular paradox on migration policies. On the one hand, the trend of recent legislation points to the increasing closure of frontiers (OECD 1999, 2001,2004), also by using immigration quotas. On the other hand, there is an increase of regularization, i.e., European policies are becoming less tight. Our aim here is to study these counterbalanced and opposite policies in European immigration legislation in a unified framework . To do this, we have used a real option approach to migration choice that assumes that the decision to migrate can be described as an irreversible investment decision where quotas represent an upper bound limit. Our results show that the paradox of counterbalancing...

Mechanisms Affecting Population Density in Fragmented Habitat

Palavras-chave: Immigration; Real Option; Quota System; F22; J61; O15; R23.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37818

Ecology and Society

Tischendorf, Lutz; ELUTIS Modelling and Consulting Inc.; lutz.tischendorf@gmx.net; Grez, Audrey; Universidad de Chile; agrez@uchile.cl; Fahrig, Lenore; Carleton University; lfahrig@ccs.carleton.ca.

We conducted a factorial simulation experiment to analyze the relative importance of movement pattern, boundary-crossing probability, and mortality in habitat and matrix on population density, and its dependency on habitat fragmentation, as well as inter-patch distance. We also examined how the initial response of a species to a fragmentation event may affect our observations of population density in post-fragmentation experiments. We found that the boundary-crossing probability from habitat to matrix, which partly determines the emigration rate, is the most important determinant for population density within habitat patches. The probability of crossing a boundary from matrix to habitat had a weaker, but positive, effect on population density. Movement...

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Boundary crossing; Emigration; Habitat fragmentation; Immigration; Modeling; Movement; Population density; Simulation; Time scale.

Ano: 2005

Migration Restrictions and Criminal Behavior: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Mastrobuoni, Giovanni; Pinotti, Paolo.

We estimate the causal effect of immigrants' legal status on criminal behavior exploiting exogenous variation in migration restrictions across nationalities driven by the last round of the European Union enlargement. Unique individual-level data on a collective clemency bill enacted in Italy five months before the enlargement allow us to compare the post-release criminal record of inmates from new EU member countries with a control group of pardoned inmates from candidate EU member countries. Difference-in-differences in the probability of re-arrest between the two groups before and after the enlargement show that obtaining legal status lowers the recidivism of economically motivated offenders, but only in areas that provide relatively better labor market...

MOVING TO THE LAND OF FROSTED CAKES AND FRIED FOOD: IMMIGRANT OBESITY IN THE U.S.

Palavras-chave: Immigration; Crime; Legal Status; Labor and Human Capital; F22; K42; C41.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115723

Liu, Jing; Waldorf, Brigitte S..

The paper focuses on body weight gain among immigrants in the US. The emphasis is on disentangling different time lines that are relevant in the context of immigration and acculturation, namely length of exposure to the high obesity culture, age at immigration, year of immigration and aging. Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), we find that (1) acculturation is associated with higher BMIs for the 1st generation, but not the 1.5 generation; (2) immigration at an early age (before 12) facilitates acculturation progress and drives BMI convergence to natives; (3) the effect of sojourn length in the host country is unstable across model specifications; (4) BMI differences between Asian and Latino immigrants are partly due to...

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Immigration; Obesity; Acculturation; Health Economics and Policy; I10; J15.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120896

On present day islands and past distributions

Naturalis

Renema, W..

Southeast Asia, and especially the Philippines-Indonesia-Papua New Guinea Archipelago, harbours the world’s highest marine diversity. This region also had a complex geological history. This raises the question whether these two attributes are related and, if so, how. To locally build high species richness in a region, the balance between speciation/immigration and extinction/exturpation should be positive over at least part of its geologic history.

Tipo: Article / Letter to the editor

Palavras-chave: Islands; Geology; Marine diversity; Speciation; Immigration; Extinction; Exturpation; Phillippines; Indonesia; Papua New Guinea; 42.65; 38.22.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/428070

Patch Size and Population Density: the Effect of Immigration Behavior

Ecology and Society

Bowman, Jeff; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; jeff.bowman@mnr.gov.on.ca; Cappuccino, Naomi; Carleton University; ncappucc@ccs.carleton.ca; Fahrig, Lenore; Carleton University; lfahrig@ccs.carleton.ca.

Many habitat fragmentation experiments make the prediction that animal population density will be positively related to fragment, or patch, size. The mechanism that is supposed to result in this prediction is unclear, but several recent reviews have demonstrated that population density often is negatively related to patch size. Immigration behavior is likely to have an important effect on population density for species that do not show strong edge effects, for species that have low emigration rates, and during short-term habitat fragmentation experiments. We consider the effect that different kinds of immigration behaviors will have on population density and we demonstrate that only a minority of possible scenarios produce positive density vs. patch size...

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Colonization; Connectivity; Dispersal; Edge; Emigration; Experiment; Fragmentation; Immigration; Individuals-area relationships; Insular; Island biogeography; Landscape.

Ano: 2002

Political Affiliation and Exit Intentions of U.S. Dairy Farms

Costa, Rafael F.; Susanto, Dwi; Rosson, C. Parr, III.

The United States dairy industry is heavily dependent on foreign labor. Current and newly proposed U.S. immigration policies have been appointed to disrupt the agricultural labor availability, especially that of hired foreign labor. A national survey of dairy farmers across herd sizes and regions of the U.S. was conducted for the year 2009 and the results were used to evaluate the extent to which hired foreign labor dependence will affect the exit intentions in dairy farming. The political affiliation of dairy farmers was based on the 2008 election map and their locations. Our findings indicate that the expected probability of exit from dairy farming increased as the use of hired foreign labor intensified. Results also suggest that states with Republican...

The Fertility of the Irish in America in 1910

Palavras-chave: Immigration; Political affiliation; Foreign labor; Exit intention; Dairy industry.; Farm Management; Financial Economics; Labor and Human Capital.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103583

Guinnane, Timothy W.; Moehling, Carolyn M.; Grada, Cormac O.

In most western societies, marital fertility began to decline in the nineteenth century. But in Ireland, fertility in marriage remained stubbornly high into the twentieth century. Explanations of Irelands late entry to the fertility transition focus on the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Irish society. These arguments are often backed up by claims that the Irish outside of Ireland behaved the same way. This paper investigates these claims by examining the marital fertility of Irish Americans in 1910 and produces three main findings. First, the Irish in America had smaller families than both the rural and urban Irish and their fertility patterns show clear evidence of fertility control. Second, despite the evidence of control, Irish-Americans...

The Labor Market Impact of Immigration in Western Germany in the 1990’s

Palavras-chave: Ireland; United States; Fertility; Demography; Immigration; Labor and Human Capital; J13; N3.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28386

D’Amuri, Francesco; Ottaviano, Gianmarco I.P.; Peri, Giovanni.

We adopt a general equilibrium approach in order to measure the effects of recent immigration on the Western German labor market, looking at both wage and employment effects. Using the Regional File of the IAB Employment Subsample for the period 1987-2001, we find that the substantial immigration of the 1990’s had no adverse effects on native wages and employment levels. It had instead adverse employment and wage effects on previous waves of immigrants. This stems from the fact that, after controlling for education and experience levels, native and migrant workers appear to be imperfect substitutes whereas new and old immigrants exhibit perfect substitutability. Our analysis suggests that if the German labor market were as ‘flexible’ as the UK labor...